Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Lytic Phages from Wastewater Environment in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, West Africa
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterial pathogen for humans and animals. These bacteria can resist against many antibiotics and this resistance constitute an alarming worldwide human health threat due to the morbidity and mortality. Phage therapy is one of the alternative treatments. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize lytic phages of S. aureus from different wastewater sources in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Eight strains of S. aureus were isolated from different clinical samples and were used to isolate phages. The isolation and host range of phages were done by the spot test. Phages were purified by the double-layer method. Similar phages after the determination of the host range were characterized using restriction enzymes. A total of 27 phages were obtained after isolation and purification. Nine of the 27 isolates reported a broad host range (≥67%). The results of enzymatic digestion allowed to consider that all phage isolates that presented the same host range and the same genetic fingerprint are the same phage strain; whereas phages that presented the same host range and different genetic fingerprints are different phage strains. Thus, a total of 15 distinct phages isolates specific to S. aureus were characterized. This study highlighted the abundance and lytic capacity of phages isolated from wastewater from Bobo-Dioulasso’s environment against clinical strains of S. aureus. The lytic capacity of these Staphyphages could be an effective alternative tool to combat bacteria multi-resistance.
References
[1]
David, M.Z. and Daum, R.S. (2017) Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Infections. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer, 325-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_42
[2]
Rocha, J.L.L., Kondo, W., Baptista, M.I.D.K., Cunha, C.A.D. and Martins, L.T.F. (2002) Uncommon Vancomycin: Induced Side Effects. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 6, 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702002000400007
[3]
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022) Global Mortality Associated with 33 Bacterial Pathogens in 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 400, 2221-2248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7
[4]
Price, R. (2016) O’neill Report on Antimicrobial Resistance: Funding for Antimicrobial Specialists Should Be Improved. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 23, 245-247. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001013
[5]
Ikuta, K.S., Swetschinski, L.R., Robles Aguilar, G., Sharara, F., Mestrovic, T., Gray, A.P., et al. (2022) Global Mortality Associated with 33 Bacterial Pathogens in 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 400, 2221-2248. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7
[6]
Estrella, L.A., Quinones, J., Henry, M., Hannah, R.M., Pope, R.K., Hamilton, T., et al. (2016) Characterization of Novelstaphylococcus Aureuslytic Phage and Defining Their Combinatorial Virulence Using the Omnilog System. Bacteriophage, 6, e1219440. https://doi.org/10.1080/21597081.2016.1219440
[7]
Ouedraogo, A.S., Jean Pierre, H., Bañuls, A.L., Ouédraogo, R. and Godreuil, S. (2017) Emergence and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in West Africa: Contributing Factors and Threat Assessment. Médecine et Santé Tropicales, 27, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2017.0678
[8]
Paterson, D.L. and Bonomo, R.A. (2005) Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: A Clinical Update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18, 657-686. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.4.657-686.2005
[9]
Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (2023) Summary Report on Laboratory Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in 2022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
[10]
Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (2024). Summary Report on Laboratory Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in 2023, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
[11]
World Health Organization (2024) Proportion of Bloodstream Infection Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). https://data.who.int/indicators/i/5DD9606
[12]
WHO (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
[13]
Nagel, T., Musila, L., Muthoni, M., Nikolich, M., Nakavuma, J.L. and Clokie, M.R. (2022) Phage Banks as Potential Tools to Rapidly and Cost-Effectively Manage Antimicrobial Resistance in the Developing World. Current Opinion in Virology, 53, Article 101208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101208
[14]
Butler, M.S., Gigante, V., Sati, H., Paulin, S., Al-Sulaiman, L., Rex, J.H., et al. (2022) Analysis of the Clinical Pipeline of Treatments for Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections: Despite Progress, More Action Is Needed. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 66, e0199121. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01991-21
[15]
Tan, C.S. (2020) Could Bacteriophages Isolated from the Sewage Be the Solution to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Medical Journal of Malaysia, 75, 110-116.
[16]
Abedon, S.T., García, P., Mullany, P. and Aminov, R. (2017) Editorial: Phage Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, Article 981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00981
[17]
Ross, A., Ward, S. and Hyman, P. (2016) More Is Better: Selecting for Broad Host Range Bacteriophages. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, Article 1352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01352
[18]
Cattoir, V. (2022) French Microbiology Society/Europian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing V.1.0 Mai 2022.
[19]
Khan, A. and Joshi, H. (2022) Simple Two-Step, High Yield Protocol for Isolation and Amplification of Bacteriophages against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Current Protocols, 2, e395. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.395
[20]
Lu, Z., Breidt, F., Fleming, H.P., Altermann, E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. (2003) Isolation and Characterization of a Lactobacillus Plantarum Bacteriophage from a Cucumber Fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 84, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00111-9
[21]
Lu, Z. and Breidt, F. (2015) Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Bacteriophage Isolated from an Industrial Cucumber Fermentation at High Acidity and Salinity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, Article 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00067
[22]
Kutter, E. (2009) Phage Host Range and Efficiency of Plating. In: Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-164-6_14
[23]
Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
[24]
WHO (2024) WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance to Guide Research, Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance HO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List.
[25]
Díaz-Muñoz, S.L. and Koskella, B. (2014) Bacteria–Phage Interactions in Natural Environments. In: Advances in Applied Microbiology, Elsevier, 135-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800259-9.00004-4
[26]
Samir, S., El-Far, A., Okasha, H., Mahdy, R., Samir, F. and Nasr, S. (2022) Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages from Sewage at an Egyptian Tertiary Care Hospital against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29, 3097-3106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.019
[27]
Wang, S., Huang, X., Yang, J., Yang, D., Zhang, Y., Hou, Y., et al. (2023) Biocontrol of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using a Virulent Bacteriophage Derived from a Temperate One. Microbiological Research, 267, Article 127258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127258
[28]
Mattila, S., Ruotsalainen, P. and Jalasvuori, M. (2015) On-Demand Isolation of Bacteriophages against Drug-Resistant Bacteria for Personalized Phage Therapy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, Article 1271. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01271
[29]
Thurber, R.V. (2009) Current Insights into Phage Biodiversity and Biogeography. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12, 582-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2009.08.008
[30]
Ariom, T.O., Iroha, I.R., Moses, I.B., Iroha, C.S.U., Ude, I. and Kalu, A.C. (2019) Detection and Phenotypic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical and Community Samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 19, Article 2026. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i2.26
[31]
Hyman, P. (2019) Phages for Phage Therapy: Isolation, Characterization, and Host Range Breadth. Pharmaceuticals, 12, Article 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12010035
[32]
Ravat, F., Jault, P. and Gabard, J. (2015) Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy: Using Natural Viruses to Treat Bacterial Infections. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters, 18, 13-20.
