Intraoperative imaging of the brain macro- and microcirculation

Advances in imaging technology have provided new diagnostic methods for assessment of cerebral vascular perfusion and quantitative analysis of the microcirculation during cerebral surgery. In this article, a range of imaging procedures are described: Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) and Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography (3D-CTA), Indocyanine Green Video Angiography (ICGVA), Orthogonal Polarization Spectral (OPS) Imaging, Sidestream Dark-Field (SDF) Imaging, and Laser-Doppler Flowmetry (LDF).All these measurements will foster development of precise evaluation tools for microcirculation-related microvascular conditions, e. g. stroke and hemorrhage, and support clinicians in their therapeutic decision-making process.